If a gangway is not practicable, a straight ladder meeting the requirements of § 1918. Is the more steeper than the typical angle a stairs of 45 graduations per OSHA and 30-32 degrees per IBC. •12 slides. It would be a single direction fall into the ladder opening and as such, a ladder safety gate is required. Falls from ladders account for 20 percent of all fatal and lost work-day injuries in general industry. 36" inboard rails. 1926. If an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) compliance officer were to observe conditions as described in item 4 above, a violation would be noted and. 1910. 91 m. The top rail must be at least 42 inches in height (§1910. 23 (b) (4), ladder rungs, steps, and cleats must have a minimum clear width of 16 inches (measured before installation of ladder safety systems) for fixed ladders. It covers the general and specific requirements for portable. and corroded components, among others. 4. Research this link to see how to design a ship’s ladder . 23(c)(2) and in the fixed ladder standard at 1910. Feb 22, 2023. 0050 ships ladders. 10 has been incorporated in A14. Aluminum Ladders; Outer Roof. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), International Maritime Organization, Protection and Indemnity Clubs, and Owners and Operators have established various requirements and shared best practices to improve gangway safety, such as:. 2 Standards G13. 8. For guidance in addressing your request and as advised by yourself and the architect, I reviewed the Guideline on Ship’s Ladders from WorkSafeBC, which states the following: WorkSafeBC Guideline G13. 1053 - Use of fixed. 25(e)Staging more than 5 feet high requires appropriate access (for example ladders ramps, stairways). 74 Access to vessels. Download: RFA; Hatch Access Safety Rail. ANSI A14. slippery material on the rungs, steps or feet. 51 m) in width, of adequate strength, maintained in safe repair and safely secured shall be used. Chapter 10 is subdivided into four main. Fixed ladders above 24 feet must have a fall protection system. 76(a)(4) When cargo is stowed within 4 inches of the back of ladder rungs, the ladder shall be deemed "unsafe" for the purpose of this section. These ladders are suitable for use in heavy duty industrial applications and environments. Rungs must be so shaped that an employee's foot. 2009 IBC: 1009. 1910. Contact Alaco Ladder for all your ladder needs. Scaffolds. purpose. 22. Handrails are anytime provided. 1: Safety Code for Window Cleaning: ANSI: A92. 82 (a) (1) The employer shall ensure that each work area and walkway is adequately lighted whenever an employee is present. Construction employees must be trained by a competent person. Fire escape ladders have served as a means of escaping homes and buildings during fires, earthquakes, or emergency events for many years. OSHA recommends that employers provide information and training to employees who engage in abrasive blasting activities. For fixed ladders consisting of wood side rails and wood rungs or cleats, used at a pitch in the range 75 degrees to 90 degrees, and intended for use by no more than one person per section,Combination Ladder Safety Standards Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of Combination Ladders can be found in the following standards: ANSI A14. 1011. 11 Ship ladders. 72(b) and ] We have been very pleased with their level of product quality, customer service, and consistent lead times. The clear width at and below the handrails shall be not less than 20 inches. Ship ladders are permitted to be used in Group I-3 as a component of a means of egress to and from control rooms or elevated facility observation stations not more than 250 square feet (23 m 2) with not more than three occupants and. 5″, which all our units follow. Handrails ship unattached and bolt into place. 1926. 23, 1926. Although it’s a current OSHA requirement, our fall protection inspection teams still see ladders that do not meet this minimum standard. OSHA. Ladder Safety Requirements (1910. Agriculture: Safe Use of Tripod Orchard Ladders Fact Sheet. Section 6(b)(8) of the OSH Act requires that when an OSHA. The minimum clear width at and below the handrails shall. Rail and harness fall arrest system as alternate to safety cage and landing platformswood components of ladders shall not exceed those specified in §1910. 152) standards. 1910. Top view sketch of catwalk side mounted fixed ladderway opening. Appendix B, Criteria for determining the feasibility of providing safe access and fall protection for scaffold erectors and dismantlers. 23 (b) A Jacob's ladder shall either hang without slack from its lashings or be pulled up entirely. 82 (a) General Requirements . OSHA stair (1910. 5″. 25(d) OSHA ladder standards require a minimum headroom of 6’6″, a clear width of 26″, and a tread depth of 7. Side-step ladder means a type of fixed ladder that requires an employee to step sideways from it in order to reach a walking-working surface, such as a landing. Standard Number: 1910. The standards for fixed ladders in §1910. Steel, aluminum, wood, and fiberglass ladders proudly crafted in the United State been 1908. Flush Top Tread Ships Ladder with Walk Thru Handrail, Flush Top Tread Ships Ladders, Ladders, Ships Ladder, 68° Steep Incline, Structural Steel Stairways Ships Ladder Design, Access with Minimum Space Requirement, Bar Grating Stair Treads, Welded Handrails, Fire Proof Construction, and Galvanized Stairs from your complete. [29 CFR 1915. The standards we mentioned above apply to all fixed extension ladders and staircases used to access roofs with a vertical clearance of fewer than 20 feet. 6. 5″. ( d) Inspection, maintenance, and repair. Be able to handle a 200 lbs load on the top rail and 150 lbs on the mid-rail without fail. Steps are perforated for good slip resistance. All ladders shall be inspected regularly, with the intervals between inspections being determined by use and exposure. Though more than half of these deaths occurred in the construction industry, the tally includes many seamen and fishermen. Cages For Fixed Ladders . From 50 degrees to 30 degrees show for Standard Stairs. 6. 5″ to 12″ of a vertical rise. Also known as ship's ladders, these stairs have a 75° climbing angle to fit in pits, trenches, wells, and other tight spaces. 73 - Terminal facilities handling menhaden and similar species of fish (see also §1917. 29(d)(1). 1915. 2, A14. Interchangeable tread stair, ships ladders, and ship stairs is all sheer angled stair devices secondhand in space-restricted applications. 1 - Purpose and scope. 1910. Ladders: Fixed Ladders Used Only for Emergency Evacuations. 8-1977, Scaffolding, updating its safety requirements for the use of scaffolds in construction and demolition operations. The following definitions apply in this Part. S. that fixed ladders include individual rung ladders, but do not include ships stairs, step bolts, or manhole steps. Stat. The aluminum brow was placed ontop of a 1 x 1 foot timberhead as a ramp on the dock and only held in place by gravity. IBC requires one means of egress when mezzanine floor areas serve less than 49 occupants. In 1988, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), an organization which sets voluntary consensus standards, approved a revision of ANSI A10. 1052 (c) (2) Winding and spiral stairways shall be equipped with a handrail offset sufficiently to prevent walking on those portions of the stairways where the tread width is less than 6 inches (15 cm). The following diagram is a recommendation that combines the IBC and OSHA requirements. 1052 (c) (3) The height of stairrails shall be as follows: 1926. The OSHA General Requirements (29 CFR 1926. • Do not use a self-supporting ladder (e. General Requirements These rules specify when employers must provide stairways and ladders. A “Ship Ladder” is defined by OSHA in proposed section 1910. (OSHA 1910. 12, access to the roof from the top story is permitted to be by an alternating tread device, a ships ladder, or a permanent ladder. g. 15 Ships ladders. 5/21/2018 PIP STF05501 (Fixed Ladders & Cages) 2/11. 6. OUR ACCOUNT; IS INSTALLATIONS; CODE COMPLIANCE; MY TESTIMONIALS; RECHTSSACHE STUDIES; WARRANTY CLAIMS AND RETURNS; PRODUCTS. The Agency’s interpretations explain these require- ments and how they apply to particular circumstances, but they do not create additional employer obligations. S. RAILINGS open-sided stairs < 44” require 1 stair rail/side; open-sided stairs > 44” require 1 stair rail and 1 separate handrail/side. 6. 5205. For unoccupied roofs, under the exception to IBC 1011. The maximum variations in the height of risers or the width of treads in any one flight shall be one-fourth-inch. 5 Ship Ladders. uses to 144". Fixed Ladders. 1) Easy to understand – Standardized ships ladder designs are easy for workers and engineers alike to both construct and follow instructions for assembly due to their simplicity in form and design. These are favoured over accommodation ladders which tend to be constructed for larger vessels. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 200 Constitution Ave NW Washington, DC 20210 1-800-321-OSHA 1-800-321-6742 Federal Government White House; Benefits. 0060 ships ladders, special requirements. If a gangway is not practicable, a substantial straight ladder, extending at least 36 inches above the upper landing surface and adequately secured against shifting or. Ship ladders, ship stairs, and alternating tread stairs designed special, standards, OSHA also IBC code requirements, and types of slope stairs. Here are the relevant fixed ladder compliance deadlines, per OSHA: 1910. 1053 - Using a stepladder as a non-self-supporting ladder. A ship's ladder is a specific style of stairway initially used on ships. 48 cm), center to center;. Vessels ladders are steep angled stair devices through angles between 50 and 70 degrees. Spiral stairs must meet the vertical clearance requirements in paragraph (d) (3) of this section. 23(c)(1) and silence on this issue in paragraph 1910. 29 (f) (1) (i)) (as measured at the leading edge of the stair tread to the top surface of the rail). Differences in the regulatory text between paragraphs 1910. In addition to paragraph (b) of this section, the employer must ensure ship stairs (see Figure D–9 of this section): ( 1) Are installed at a slope of 50 to 70 degrees from the horizontal; ( 2) Have open risers with a vertical rise. Always maintain a three point of contact. Grab bar means an individual horizontal or vertical handhold installed to provide access above the height of the ladder. 1926. " All ladders shall be maintained in a safe condition. OSHA Ship Stairs Requirements. 1915. 76(a) Cargo spaces. Ladder rungs, cleats, or steps must be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use. Question #4: Does the fact that ANSI A14. Previously, the OSHA required fixed ladders taller than 20 feet to have cages as a form of fall protection. From ferries have limited deck space, ship builders been to scheme stairs equal unusually steep slopes. 1917. They are ideal for chimneys, towers, vats, antennas, tanks, water treatment plants, refineries and other industrial or marine applications. Y N N/A Are the siderails of ladders extended at least 3-1/2 feet above the landing? [29 CFR 1910. Purpose: To establish Oregon OSHA’s position on the applicability of fall protection requirements under 1910. Let’s take a look at what the top 10 violations for FY22 are. Vertical rise between treads is generally around 9". Every day around the world, maritime pilots board and disembark ships using pilot ladder arrangements. Jan 4, 2021This section of the OSHA standards requires that ladders used for ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking be safe and in good condition. From 50 degrees to 30 degrees show for Standard Stairs. 29(b)), and contain a. 1:The AIA is the voice of the architectural profession and a resource for its members in service to society. For adequate safety to be provided for. The area shall be located on the same lot not less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) away from the building requiring egress. The employer must ensure: ( i) Each employee on a scaffold is protected from falling in accordance 29 CFR part 1926, subpart L; and. An Alaco heavy-duty ship ladder ensures product and strength. 025(2) and 656. 28 (b) (9) (i) (A) – (D) and 1926. SOR/2015-211, s. B. All units from Alaco Ladder strictly follow the ship ladder OSHA requirements, including the following: 1910. 1053 - Clarification of personal ladder boom system requirements: 2 01/03/2012 - 1926. (1) Stairways, stairtowers, ladders, elevators, and landings must be designed with sufficient strength to sustain a load of 4. If you’re looking for a trusted and reliable manufacturer of heavy-duty ladders, look no further than Alaco Ladder. 306. Sometimes referred to as ship stairs, the term doesn’t mean it’s only used on ships, but merely stairs/ladders between 50° to 70° of incline and applications are for areas where. The vertical distance of the first rung from ground level may be as high as 14 inches. Because they are so steep, ships ladders have way less usable tread depth than a standard OSHA oder IBC stair plan. Ships with rubber bumper attached to the center stringer. 1918. 5—Ladder Safety Requirements (Not an OSHA standard, included to be used as guidance to meet OSHA’s requirements) Employers using extension ladders must follow the ladder requirements set forth in 29 CFR 1926 SubpartThe U. 1-129). which are provided on board ships constructed on or after 1 January 2010 should meet applicable international standards such as ISO 5488:1979, Shipbuilding – accommodation ladders, ISO 7061:1993, Shipbuilding – aluminium shore gangways for seagoing vessels and/or national standards and/or other requirements recognized by the Administration. general environmental controls 5205. 1200) and Personal Protective Equipment (29 CFR 1915. used in lieu of a cage. 8. Alliance ProgramAlliances enable organizations committed toworkplace safety and health to collaborate with. 82. OSHA standard 1910. 25 ( Stairways) under paragraph (e). 27 have led to some confusion. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3326 (e). There are 29 OSHA-approved State Plans operating state-wide occupational safety and health programs. 2(1)-2 Application of CSA and ANSI standards for suspended stages. WIDTH ≥ 22” between railings. (3) Portable reinforced plastic ladders placed in service after January 7, 2011, shall meet the design and construction requirements of ANSI A14. From 70 degrees to 50 degrees show for Ship Stairs. 502(d) PLEASE NOTE: A ladder that is less than 24’ feet high does “not” require a fall arrest system of any sort. 1915. 3 was changed in 1979 to require a safety cage on a ladder over 24 feet long, instead of the former 20 feet, mean that 29 CFR 1910. The general standards also address. 1 m) on a ladder jack scaffold must be protected from fall hazards by a personal fall arrest system (PFAS). H60 – 60° Ships Ladder (Max 15’) H70 – 70° Ships Ladder (Max 18’) H75 – 75° Ships Ladder (Max 18’). If the bricks are loose, a stack of 4 feet or more must have 2 inches of taper for every additional 1 foot of height. 1910. 12. 2 - Variances from safety and health standards. 4. connectors, and body harness. (See 81 FR 82611-12). Ship’s ladders and rung-type ladders may be used in combination with eachFixed ladder means a ladder with rails or individual rungs that is permanently attached to a structure, building, or equipment. 100' cpet (should change that to 400'). For stair rail systems installed on or after January 17, 2017, the top rail and handrail must be separate. 23(b)(2) Ladder rungs, steps, and cleats are spaced not less than 10 inches (25 cm) and not more than 14 inches (361926. A confined space also has limited or restricted means for entry or exit and is not designed for continuous occupancy. " The employer must ensure guardrail systems. g. 21(b)] Grab Bars. OSHA estimates that, for general industry companies, falls from ladders — step, straight, combination, and extension — account for 20% of fatal and lost workday injuries. IBC Requirements for Unoccupied Roof Egress. PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES. No container shall be hoisted by any lifting appliance unless the following conditions have been met:Safety net If it is applicable and practicable, a safety net is to be fitted under every part of the access ladder or gangway, extending on both sides and kept taut. Ships ladder OSHA Code 1910. 1. The new rule includes requirements to protect workers from falling off fixed and portable ladders as well as mobile ladder stands and platforms. 47691. OSHA’s Powered Platforms standard. 220, p. Class 1 Ladders are the highest rated ladders in terms of strength and quality. Includes addition to edit (b) in those section, the boss must. Call (888) 310-7040 for more information on our different models. L. SECTION 05515: LADDERS O’Keeffe’s Aluminum Ladders PART 1 GENERAL 1. Safety Requirements for Mobile Ladder Stands and Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms: ANSI: A39. capacity. #7. Although the recently promulgated electrical standards for general industry at 29 CFR 1910 Subpart S (72 FR 7136—7221, February 14, 2007) are based on the 2002 edition of the NEC, OSHA has not conducted rulemaking to adopt all of the requirements of the NEC (or subsequent revisions) and, therefore, cannot enforce those. 5” H. 0065 suspension scaffolds. Ladders referred to in this code shall be construed to be fixed ladders. Please note that other design and standards for ship ladders will be considered by WorkSafeNB. For adequate safety to be provided for the user, unlike conventional stairs that only requires a handrail at one side, ship ladders require handrails at both sides due to its steepness. 454, Training requirements. 27 (b) (1) (iv) Rungs, cleats, and steps shall be free of splinters, sharp edges, burrs, or projections which may be a hazard. When the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible or creates a greater hazard to use guardrail, safety net, or personal fall protection systems on residential roofs, the employer must develop and implement a fall protection plan that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926. Types of ship ladders & stairs (& design specifications)Ship ladders are permitted to be used in Group I-3 as a component of a means of egress to and from control rooms or elevated facility observation stations not more than 250. In my design work I would often check OSHA for things not in IBC. ( ii) Each employee using a rope descent system 4 feet (1. M60 – 60° Ships Ladder (Max 15’) M70 – 70° Ships Ladder (Max 17’) M75 – 75° Ships Heading (Max 19’)306. All ladders shall be inspected regularly, with the intervals between inspections being determined by use and exposure. 2(1)(b) Ladders in manholes G13. 2(1)-2 Application of CSA and ANSI standards for suspended stages. Just make sure not to overdo it because OSHA has also set maximum riser height limits of 9. 25 standard) 42" guards. 23 (b) (12) requires employees to use at least one hand to grasp the ladder when climbing up and down it, but does not require employees to grasp a specific portion of the ladder, such as the horizontal rungs. Our heavy-duty mezzanine ladder models use premium, aircraft-grade aluminum alloy, allowing each step to carry more than the recommended weight. If a gangway is not practicable, a substantial straight ladder, extending at least 36 inches above the upper landing surface and adequately secured against shifting or slipping shall be provided. 5. 91-596, encourages states to develop and operate, under OSHA guidance, their own job safety and health plans. A-142 05/29/2018. 2 (Portable Metal Ladders) ANSI A14. 25 (b) (8)) This product provides an easier climb, but in turn sacrifices floor space. be kept in position, except when goods or materials are being hoisted or lowered at the opening or doorway. If an obstacle is unavoidable, the clearance must be at least 24 inches, and a device. Walking-Working Surfaces and Personal Protective Equipment (Fall Protection Systems). If necessary, the training. [29 CFR 1915. 1011. . e. And per 1011. 2. 1: Safety Code for Window Cleaning: ANSI: A92. a roof hatch or similar - to solve the cost. 5 inches (24 cm); ( 3) Have a minimum tread depth of 9. Requirements for Ladders OSHA has reorganized separate rules for fixed ladders, portable wood ladders and portable metal. 2. OSHA; Standards; Enforcement; Topics; Media Center; Contact Us; U. OSHA uses the term "permit-required confined space. 1050 Scope, Application, and Definitions Applicable to this. G13. [§1910. Note that IBC does not allow ships ladders and permanent ladders as a means of egress. Ships ladders. . Typically, they are available in 60 degrees 70 degrees and 80 degrees with maximum heights varying between 15 feet and 20 feet. 7: Safety Requirements for Mobile Ladder Stands and Mobile Ladder Stand. (3) Use of ladders. 1917. Ladder Safety: Portable Ladder Pre-use Inspection Checklist. Exterior Roof Access. The employer must ensure: ( 1) Ladder rungs, steps, and cleats are parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use; ( 2) Ladder rungs, steps, and cleats are spaced not less than 10 inches (25 cm) and not more than 14 inches (36 cm) apart, as measured between the centerlines of the rungs, cleats, and steps, except that:are the OSHA standards that require EAPs: • Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals - 1910. 51 m) in width, of adequate strength, maintained in safe repair and safely secured shall be used. ) (f) Stairway platforms shall be no less than the width of. When the pilotladder is not used properly, a routine procedure can turn into a critical hazard . Handrails extend 42" beyond the top landing for a walk-through exit. 6K 11. No landing platform shall be required in these cases. Below are the 2009 and 2012 provisions from the unadulterated IBC. Table away contents. 1. Note: Standard A14. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 200 Constitution Ave NW Washington, DC 20210 1-800-321-OSHA 1-800-321-6742 Federal Government White House; Benefits. 8. SUMMARY: OSHA is considering revising and updating its safety standards that address access and egress (including stairways and ladders), fall and falling object protection, and scaffolds in shipbuilding, ship repair, shipbreaking, and other shipyard related. 76(a)(1) There shall be at least one safe and accessible ladder in any cargo space which employees. Ladder rungs, cleats, or steps must be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use. Ladders should be a minimum of 406 mm (16 in. Fixed ladders that extend beyond 24 feet need to have fall protection systems in place. S. 27(d)(2)(ii) for requirements. The area shall be permanently maintained and identified as a safe dispersal area. 4 - Rules of practice for administrative adjudications for enforcement of safety and health standards. The locking device shall be of a type which has no loose parts. Larger mezzanines require two or more exit stairways. Safety cages are required on all ladders in high or hazardous areas. Cages shall be provided on ladders of more than 20 feet to a maximum . Differences in the regulatory text between paragraphs 1910. IBC addresses ships ladder design in section 1011. 1910. 2. For extension trestle ladders, the spacing must be 8"-18" inches for the base, and 6"-12" inches on the extension section. 9 m) exists, a permanent ladder shall be provided. [However,] Ship, spiral, and alternating tread-type stairs are not considered standard stairs. 2(1)(b) Ladders in manholes G13. OSHA and IBC define and set standards available the different designs of steep stairways. Employees working above 10 feet (3. 5 inches is the absolute minimum allowed. 5 inches (24 cm); and. 3-1984 entitled American National Standard for Ladders — Fixed — Safety Requirements, as amended from time to time, other than section 7 of that Standard. (OSHA 1910. [However,] Ship, spiral, and alternating tread-type stairs are not considered standard stairs. 25 (b) (1) Standard 1910. Bricks. 77 (c) When employees are working aloft, or elsewhere at elevations more than 5 feet above a solid surface, either scaffolds or a sloping ladder, meeting the requirements of this subpart, shall be used to afford safe footing, or the employees shall be protected by safety belts and lifelines meeting the requirements of §§ 1915. Fixed ladders include individual-rung ladders, but not ship stairs, step bolts, or manhole steps. 2‑2007 and A14. Environment, Safety & Health Division Ladder and Scaffold Safety | Portable Ladder Requirements . 46 m2) for each person. 1050 X - 3 1926. Optimal spread angle (0° to 20° for 56° stairs; 0° to 10° for 68° stairs) Optimal brace angle (20° to 30° from the vertical plane) The cost of the bracing kit is included in the list price for crossovers with alternating tread stairs. Ship stair (ship ladder) means a stairway that is equipped with treads, stair rails, and open risers, and has a slope that is between 50 and 70 degrees from the horizontal. 2. 15. If a gangway is not practicable, a straight ladder meeting the requirements of 1918. 1926. (3) The means of access shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs (a) (9), (10), and (11) of this section. Understanding the IBC go requirements and OSHA stairway requirements for roof access, usability, and safety of each select von device will help you choose the right device for accessing roof hatches and unoccupied rooftop spaces. 1910. 5205. 29 gives the criteria for fall protection. Types of shipping ladders & ladder (& design specifications)In California, Portable Ladder Safety is regulated by Title 8 California Code of Regulations (T8CCR) Sections 1675 , 3276, 3287, and 3413 . 1918. For construction, as well as in its new promulgated Subpart D, General Industry standard, OSHA requires fall protection on fixed ladders at 24 feet and vertical lifeline (VLL) offer the best. Share on Facebook;OSHA; Standards; Enforcement; Topics; Media Center; Contact Us; U. Ship ladders, ship stairs, and alternating walk stairs design specifications, standards, OSHA and IBC code requirements, and styles of steep stairs. 10 are mentioned in 3276. unbroken length of 30 feet. Choose from our selection of ship ladders, including space-saver stairs, forward descent space-saver stairs, and more. Stairs from your. Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment. A ladder with rails or individual rungs that is permanently attached to a structure, building, or equipment. Aluminum ship's ladders. [ 29 CFR 1926. “Ship’s ladder” and “Ship’s stairs” are interchangeable terms. 1918. 1926. 3. OSHA rules for a crossover ladder or platform. 9. OSHA says ship stairs are used only when the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible to provide standard stair. (a) A vessel carrying more than 600 passengers or with overnight accommodations for more than 49 passengers must meet the requirements for stairways, ladders, and elevators in § 72. 1: Safety Code for Window Cleaning: ANSI: A92. Full Document: Maritime Occupational Health and Safety Regulations. These are specifically designed to provide ladder fall protection when climbing or descending ladders or vertical structures up to 300 feet in height. 3. Banisters shall can provided on both sides of ships ladders. OSHA RULES. 1917.